Art Deco Reproductions, Inc.: Financial Analysis

The first proposal is issuing the new shares to publics at $38, but right now the commission fee is $3, and the market price is $39, but the investment banker believe that the price will drop to $38 and the commission fee is $2 per share subscribed. To capitalize exact millions dollar, Art Deco reproductions need to issue 556,000 new shares in total. And the stock price will drop slightly. And the company need to pay the investment banker $1 , 112,000 for the commission fees. There are some advantages selling shares to public. The stock price will not drop so much, compare with others proposal.The less new shares issued, the less share dilution, and one member of the Board of Directors think this proposal will allow for greater distribution of the stock throughout the market. This proposal also has some disadvantages. The commission fees are the highest, compare with other proposal in the circumstances of all shares are subscribed. Issuing new shares to public will dilute the proport ional ownership of the company. It also will dilute the voting right of the current shareholders. It also will give much more voting right to the outsiders. Issuing shares to public might also hurt the current shareholders' loyalty.There also some potential risk the company need to face in this proposal. The first one is the fluctuations of the market price, if the market price goes down under $38, the new issue shares cannot sold and it had to decrease to the market price, and the commission fees is $2 per share, which meaner the company cannot capitalized enough money and need to issue more shares and pay more commission fees to get the millions capitalize target. The proposal 2 is the company offer rights to current shareholders and gives them at $36 per share, this price is lower than the current arrest price $39 per shares, but the commission fee will be $1. 5 per share for every share subscribed, and any remain shares will purchased by Hugh ; Company, which will charge inscrib ed share $3 per share. In this proposal, assuming all the shares subscribed. The company need to issue minimum 576,000 shares to meet the $million capitalized goal. And the company will pay $720,000 as the commission fee. And each rights worth $0. 48, when the rights was generated from the old shares, over 60% of the stock holders will be expected to sell their rights to outsiders anyways. The advantage of proposal 2 is very obviously.The high subscription price can lead to less amount of dilution of earning per shares and still give loyal stockholders a chance to keep their equity positions at a discount. It also will not harm the shareholder's interest so much, and will not dilute too much voting power to outsiders. And it will not hurt the ownership of the current stock holder and protect their rights The disadvantage of proposal 2 is very clear, the high commission fee is still the problem, and in this high offering price, the current stockholder might not have enough cash to re invest the company. There are some potential risks in this reports as well.The high risk of unfavorable market price fluctuations, and if the stock price drops to $36, the cost of flotation will go up dramatically. And it also has a risk of dilute the current shareholder's ownerships' proportion. The cheap right but high stock price might not attractive enough to the outsiders who want to invest in this company. The proposal 3 offers a right at $32 per share and the underwriting cost is 0. 25 per share, and $3 per share taken by the investment banker. In this proposal, if all the shares are subscribed, company need to issue 640,000 shares and says total $480,000 commission fees.In this proposal each right worth $1. 23 In this proposal, the advantages are lower commission fee compare with the proposal 1 and 2, and it will increase the current stockholders' loyalty if they are in the management team. And it also will protect the current stockholder's right, because they are offered be fore outsiders and don't need to pay the price of the rights to buy the shares. And it also provides an adequate margin of safety against downward market price fluctuations, protects the stockholders from the excessive equity dilution entailed in rapports 4 and 5, and give an appealing purchase discount.The disadvantage in proposal 3 is much more likely as the proposal 2, the proposal g's offer price still too high to afford, because only a small percentage of stockholders might have immediate funds available for reinvestment, and leave the large percentage of stockholders no choice but to sell their rights. The more shares issue the more earnings will be diluted. The risk is about the flotation cost will highly increase because most of investors' choice to sell their rights and it probably dilute the hardcover's ownership proportion.The proposal 4 is company offer a right to stock holder at $20 per share and the underwriting cost will be 0. Pepper share and it the cost of $3 per ea ch share if the investment banker take the remain shares. Assuming all the shares are subscribed, the company will issue 1 to meet million goal, and it needs to pay $253,250 as the commissions fees. In this proposal each right worth $4. 80. In this proposal 4, the advantage is very low offer price, compare with the proposal 1 to 3, and the low commission fees, and the low offer price will eve wide range of shareholder to reinvest it, and it keep the shareholder's loyalty.And it will attract more outside investor to buy the rights and invest the company. It will not harm the company hard-earned reputation of the company's stock price. And the proposal 4 put the stock in a popular trading range, a low enough subscribed price, a low flotation cost, and a reasonable ex-rights stock price , which will attract a wide range of investor But the disadvantage of proposal 4 also very seriously, one is it will diluted the earnings per share greatly from $2. 58 to $1. 93. T is very seriously pro blem to the big stock holder, and the market price will also goes down, which will harm the stock holder's worth if they don't exercise their rights. The risk still exists in this proposal, such as the ownership proportion dilute, voting right diluted. Proposal 5 gives shareholders rights to buy shares at $5 per shares, and there is no commission fee and all the shares will be taken. In this proposal, the company need to issue millions new shares and the value of the rights worth $19. 43. In this proposal, the advantage is very huge.Because of low share price, all the shares will e taken by the share holders. Second, there is no flotation cost, so it will save lot of money. But the advantage is very big as well. Because the lower price, the company will issue millions new shares, and we know the old outstanding shares only have millions right now, the equity, earnings per shares will be diluted greatly. The market price will be greatly drop downs as well. And the high value of right s will also challenge the stockholder's loyalty, the shareholder might sell the rights to outsiders and get this huge amount of money to invest other valuable company.

Historical linguistics Essay

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language.[1][2][3][4][5] Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed toPÄ Ã¡ ¹â€¡ini around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi.[6] One subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of rules followed by the users of a language. It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound systems). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. The study of language meaning is concerned with how languages employ logical structures and real-world references to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. This category includes the study of semantics (how meaning is inferred from words and concepts) and pragmatics (how meaning is inferred from context). Linguistics also looks at the broader context in which language is influenced by social, cultural, historical and political factors. This includes the study of evolutionary linguistics, which investigates into questions related to the origins and growth of languages; historical linguistics, which explores language change; sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures;psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which looks at language processing in the brain; language acquisition, on how children or adults acquire language; and discourse analysis, which involves the structure of texts and conversations. Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number of other intellectual disciplines are relevant to language and intersect with it.Semiotics, for example, is the general study of signs and symbols both within language and without. Literary theorists study the use of language in literature. Linguistics additionally draws on and informs work from such diverse fields as acoustics, anthropology, biology,computer science, human anatomy, informatics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and speech-language pathology. Prev Page

The Marginalization of Aboriginals in the Canadian Justice System

The original people to live in Canada have adapted the name Aboriginals. They were here before the European settlers discovered the continent of North America. When the Europeans arrived in Canada they brought with the many technological advances and customs that the Aboriginals did not know. Although you might think that this would be a very great thing for Aboriginals, it was not very good. The Europeans thought that the aboriginals were very hostile and treated them very badly.The Europeans tried to assimilate the Aboriginal’s culture and force them to become like the Europeanss. The Canadian justice system has marginalized the Aboriginals of Canada for many years. For the first couple hundred years there were many wars between the Europeans and the Aboriginals. But then things started to stabilize and the Aboriginals and the European settlers began to trade amongst one another and become more and more dependent on each other.However, beginning in 1964, immediately followin g the Royal Proclamation, the British began to gain more control over the Aboriginals. They signed numerous treaties with the Aboriginals for them to give up their land in exchange for a sum of money and small reserve lands specifically for the Aboriginal people. However the land the aboriginals were given was very poor and had bad soil which made it hard to farm. The idea of residential schools set out in 1846 and was put into action in the late 1890’s by the Department of Indian Affairs.The whole point of residential schools was deculturalization of aboriginals. However the government didn’t put it so bluntly. They would say that the aboriginals are put in a â€Å"white society† to learn how to become â€Å"better† Canadians. Not only did residential schools commit culture genocide but there was also lots of abuse at the schools. For example, estimates suggest that as many as 60% of the students died (due to illness, beatings, attempts to escape, or sui cide) while in the schools.They would be punished if they did not speak English even though many of the children didn’t know how. The schools were also very poorly funded by the government and the children were usually taught physical labour. Many of these issues have been solved and the government is still doing things today to help mend what they have done to the Aboriginals in the past. However Aboriginals are still very affected at what has been done to them. First Nation communities experience higher rates of violence, domestic abuse, sexual abuse: rape, incest, etc. lack of family and community cohesion, suicide, addictions, alcohol, food, health problem: diabetes, heart disease, obesity, poverty, unemployment, high school dropout (63% do not graduate), despair, hopelessness and more. The Aboriginal community has been marginalized by the Canadian Justice system which has affected them greatly. Hopefully the government will do everything they can to help aboriginal peopl e become healthy members of society and keep their cultures and beliefs.

Racism in the UK workplace and its affect on managers Essay

Racism in the UK workplace and its affect on managers - Essay Example Further, the paper will discuss how managers respond to the issue of racism and the skills used to solve racism in work place in United Kingdom. The human resources department cannot control the managers on what they do. Human resource mainly monitors employment practices to in the entire company cases of discrimination are monitored by the human resource. Racial discrimination in workplace affects managers in different ways for example an individual may be discriminated in workplace and later lawsuit to be the next thing. This normally happen when there is an evidence that a company is discriminating the minority group in a company against the white employees causing such a firm to be sued and thus heavy fine is imposed to the company (Gomez, 2008). The federal government from 1960s has been fighting racism in workplace and if one is discriminated, law that prohibits discrimination will lead to the manager being fired thus affecting the company progress. The work output where racism exists is low since competence is not used as the basis to improve the company output thus making the managers to be under pressure since the managers want high quality production and increased output of the products. If problem persist, it will lead to the company being unable to carry the daily transactions thus the manager’s capability to control and manage to be questioned. Racism usually leads to the company using more resources like fund to hire competent people from other organizations leading to increased expenditure in the company. This will mean the company will rely on other sources of production despite having employees in the company (Bonnett, 2000). The responsibility to explain the expenditure can make the manager to be demoted or even being fired since one is not able to lead the employees. Racism will cause those employees who are innovative not to present the ideas to the

An extended definition of belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An extended definition of belief - Essay Example Langston Hughes mentioned that he was asked to declare his belief publicly as a Christian at the age of 12 by his church. According to Hughes, 12 years is not a matured age for a person to declare his belief publicly (Hughes, p.224). Even adults or old people are sometimes confused while talking about their beliefs. A person’s belief is normally strengthened by what he has been taught during his childhood by others. For example, a Christian child may get education about Jesus from churches during his childhood. Same way, a Muslim child may get more knowledge about Prophet Mohammad during his childhood. It should be noted that the Muslim child may not get proper education about Jesus or the Christian child may not get proper education about Mohammad during their childhood. Thus, a particular belief is cultivated in the minds of people during their childhood. Another interesting fact about belief is that it is highly subjective. Different communities exist in most of the religio ns because of the subjectivity of belief. These communities are interpreting the same information in different ways. For example, the beliefs of Pentecostal communities in Christian religion are different than the beliefs of Catholics even though both relying Holy Bible and Jesus for shaping their beliefs. Same way, Shias and Sunnis in Muslim religion have different beliefs even though both believe in Holy Quran and Prophet Mohammad. In short, belief is highly subjective and it depends on the intellectual abilities and wisdom of the believers. Joel Engardio, belief is all about tolerance. In his opinion, â€Å"people we don’t understand become less scary when we get to know them as real people. We don’t have to be each other’s cup of tea, but tolerance lets a variety of kettles peacefully share the stove† (Engardio, p.229). Nobody can claim that his belief is superior to the belief of others. Neither the Christians, nor the Muslims or Jews claim that what they are teaching is the truth. As mentioned earlier, different people interpret Bible and Quran in different manner and hence different types of beliefs are prevailing in this word even among the same religions. According to Albert Einstein, Nothing is absolute and everything is relative in this world. Even that principle may not be true in the case of religious beliefs. In other words, nobody can claim that their belief is better than the beliefs of others. Under such circumstances, it is better to respect the beliefs of others rather than ridiculing it. Belief is just like how two blind people explain the shape of an elephant after touching different parts of the elephant’s body. The blind person who touches the ear of the elephant may describe the shape of elephant as flat whereas the blind person who touches the tail of the elephant may describe its shape as thin rod. Even though both are right, the ultimate truth is entirely different from the explanations of these two people. Belief is also just like that. The definitions of God by the Muslims and Christians would be right. However, none of these definitions may be perfect. Under such circumstances it is better to respect these definitions or beliefs rather than ridiculing it. John Allen Paulos mentioned that people believe in God even if they are aware of the illogic and gaping holes in the arguments for God. He has mentioned that even though he don’t believe in God, he believes in love (Paulos p.237). Paulos’s arguments seem to be little bit contradictory. All religions

Supply Chain Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply Chain Management - Research Paper Example In this regard, this involves the processes of demand management and production management. Based on the foregoing, this expose elucidates on the link between both demand management and product planning with logistics planning. Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper (200_) noted, â€Å"The increasing complexity of product offerings and marketing tactics in conjunction with shorter product life cycles requires increased accuracy, flexibility, and consistency in determining inventory requirements† (p. 134). In effect, a firm should seek to ensure that their management of the supply chain was accurate, consistent, and allowed flexibility along the supply chain. This effectively inks demand management and logistics management since â€Å"demand management systems seek to provide such capabilities† in two different ways (Bowersox, Closs, & Cooper, 200_, p. 134). First, Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper (200_) noted, â€Å"Demand management develops the forecast that drives anticipatory supp ly chain processes† (p. 134). In effect, a firm will determine the amount of goods to produce and its requirements in terms of stock based on a firm’s projections. Secondly, Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper (200_) noted, â€Å"Demand management process focuses on creating forecast consistency across multiple products and warehouse facilities† (p. 135). ... m should balance between the capability of its resources, including human resources, and the manufacturing stock while identifying the optimum point, which is the ideal point of production. In order to achieve the optimum point of production and supply goods to customers, firms must practice effective approaches to production planning. Consequently, the need to forecast and identify the optimum point in production links product management to logistics planning. Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper (200_) support this argument and noted, â€Å"Production planning uses the statement of requirements obtained from demand management in conjunction with manufacturing resources and constraints to develop a workable manufacturing plan† (p. 135). In this case, a firm forecasts using this statement to identify the items required and the time when required by consumers, which enables the firm to manage its resources effectively to produce the desired goods. One of the elements in logistics planni ng involves a firm’s responsiveness to their customer’s needs. In this case, a firm should always make a product available to their customers when required. In effect, a firm’s production planning should be effective to ensure that its products were always available to their customers. Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper (200_) noted, â€Å"Production planning identifies the items that should be produced in anticipation of the need to remain within production constraints and yet minimize inventor† (p. 135). For this reason, production planning plays an integral role in logistics planning. In conclusion, effective logistics planning should involve accuracy and consistency in the forecasting of the required products by consumers, which is demand planning. In addition, demand planning will enable a firm

Mrs Fields Cookies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Mrs Fields Cookies - Case Study Example Debbi and Randy while acquiring control of LPB thought that there were many similarities found in the two chains—Mrs Fields Cookies and LPB. According to Randy LPB was, â€Å"a logical extension for the bakery aspect of Mrs. Fields' Cookies† (Cash and Ostrofsky 9). Debbi and Randy saw the affiliation of LPB with Mrs Fields Cookies as a step taken for business expansion as the two chains suited each other. They were interested in combining the two forms of stores. Both of the store chains dealt with bakery items due to which, their combination business was not a destructive step. The senior managers working at Mrs Fields Cookies were given a chance to run the stores of LPB for understanding the working systems of the new chain (Cash and Ostrofsky 10). According to Debbi and Randy, LPB business was similar to their own as they have matching products, same customers, similar managerial issues and challenges and so on. By noticing the two chains, it is quite straightforward to consider that the two have a sameness in many terms, their working procedures, their products, and their consumers are very much alike. The chains are divided into a network of stores operative at various places. This feature also makes them alike in terms of their functional procedures and way of processing. According to my consideration, this affiliation is a prospective one for Mrs Fields cookies and the step of opening combination stores is going to be a successful one. The MIS (Managerial Information System) developed and employed at Mrs Fields Cookies is quite a useful information system as it keeps the capability of connecting all the outlets and stores of Mrs Fields Cookies. Paul Quinn is the director of MIS running at Mrs Fields Cookies (Cash and Ostrofsky 7). Paul Quinn had to report directly to Randy for every kind of information related to stores and outlets. The MIS is very supportive as it enables the managers to have easier options for decision making and informat ion gathering. According to Randy, if machines can do the jobs of people, more people should not be employed as smaller groups play smart.

Intervention in Personal Finance for Medical Residents Essay

Intervention in Personal Finance for Medical Residents - Essay Example The seminar on financial planning gave an overview on personal finance (income and spending), debt management, taxes, insurance, and retirement savings. A key information given during the seminar was on retirement plans available during residency, that residents have a choice either on going with the retirement account provided by the university (automatic enrollment) or county hospital (not automatic) or opt to invest in mutual funds, university-managed or from a mutual fund service company. For the study, 52 or 84% out of 62 internal medicine interns of the University of California-San Francisco attended the 90-minute seminar. Immediately before the seminar, they were given a test assessing their financial literacy as well as a pre-intervention survey. After the seminar, the interns filled up the post-intervention survey, asking their opinion on whether such seminar was valuable or not. In May 2004, two to ten months later, the residents were asked to complete the change allocation survey. Only 25 residents out of the 46 who responded attended the seminar. Findings and implications: On financial literacy, the average score was 40% of a 20-question

Copywriting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Copywriting - Essay Example Advertising in all its forms adds much to the quality of the product and the result of its production. Different mediums also make special demands as to the form and content of the advertising copy. In the following survey three kinds of advertising materials will be observed. All of them belong to the same company, producing online, shareware and CD games for PC, PDA and smartphones. These materials are as follows: a newsletter with the advertising of a new game, a printed advertisement of a new CD released and a banner as the sample of online advertising.It is necessary to observe the main tips that a copywriter needs to observe while writing this or that kind of material. The first item to be examined is a newsletter that is delivered to the user by mail. The main points that are to be considered mostly concern the form of the future writing. The heading should be informative and brief. It should contain the information that would grab a customer's attention and make him read furt her. (Hallahan) The best of all would be to indicate the benefit which would be available for the customer with the help of the product advertised.Of course, creativeness and figurativeness are welcome, as they add emotional element. Surely, headline may also implement other idea – it may be intriguing, but not obscure, or it may contain some underlying theme, but this should be clear enough to be understood by any customer.(Hallahan) The newsletter we observe starts with the headline "Bubble Obsession marches into battle". It may seem unclear and senseless at first sight, but some clarification will be helpful. This newsletter is delivered to the existing clients of the company, not to the potential customers to engage them to buy a new version of an old product, a "Bubble Shooter" game, so they know what it is going about and they are getting informed that the following text will tell them about new features of an old product. In case this text is seen by a person who didn' t see the previous release, he is likely to be intrigued and to proceed reading. The other guideline advices to enumerate the most outstanding features of the product, and put them as a list of be clear and brief points, like, for instance the point "user profiles with photos of each player" in the letter we observe. The only one remark that can be referred to the point is that it is more preferable to describe a feature from the point of view of the benefit the customer would gain, rather than the feature of the product. (Hallahan) So, the point cited from the letter is to sound like "you may now create and save your profile with photo". As far as the body is concerned, it should be divided into several passages, each of them describing the features that are listed above. Here is the sample passage: "Your whole family is sure to get involved into endless hours of playing. Due to the possibility of creating player profiles, everyone's game and settings are saved separately. Here you may create your profile with the photo, your own one or one of those included into the game." The other necessary point to be followed refers to the style of the writing. It should be written in short sentences, with easy words. Active voice and present tense are also preferable. Of course, it is necessary to watch punctuation and grammar. (Hallahan) Those requirements are fulfilled in the writing: "Flexible 3D graphical effects make the game really live and breathing. You may adjust the effects fully to your taste and computer." The second copy to be examined is printed advertising. Printed ad should contain headline, subtitle, body, signature, mandatory, illustration. Subtitle elaborates the headline, giving more information, signature contains the name or logo of the company, mandatory includes terms and conditions and illustration may contain graphics. (Marcus) This copy contains all of these elements. Here is the example of the subtitle: "Our company wishes you and your families Merry Christmas and Happy holidays! We present to you our Christmas gift -

Strategic fit analysis of Gilbert sports Equipment Company Essay

Strategic fit analysis of Gilbert sports Equipment Company - Essay Example Strategic fit analysis of Gilbert sports Equipment Company However, when the rules of Rugby and thereby rules regarding ball shapes and sizes got formalized in the early part of the 20th century and with availability of Rubber bladders, Gilbert Sports Company started making the modern Rugby balls. Although, the company changed hands quite a few times, the company continued to modernise and update the quality of the balls through the second part of the 20th century particularly during the 1980’s and 90’s. It was during the same period, they developed the first range of balls for Netball. However, it fell into the debt trap in 2002, and so it was acquired by another sports equipment maker, Grays of Cambridge in the same year. It continues to function with a lot of autonomy and even diversified into other product segments, with Grays of Cambridge ‘stewarding’ it. Thus, after rising from the internal crisis in 2002, Gilbert under Grays ownership has been able to consolidate its position. However, there are certain fact ors in its macro and micro environment, which could impact as well as influence its functioning. Market Environment Analysis Certain factors in the external environment as well as in the ‘immediate’ external environment will always influence the functioning and the strategies formulation of any organizations in the sport equipment manufacturing sector. Gilbert is no exception to it, as it can be controlled by the factors in the macro-environment, and also by factors in the micro-environment. Both these macro and micro factors can be collected and assessed in a detailed manner through certain analytical tools. The macro environment of Gilbert can be assessed through PEST analysis, while its micro-environment can be analyzed through Porters’ Five Forces. PEST Analysis Political When one focuses on the political factors in Gilbert’s external environment, the UK government can play both a regulatory and constructive role. Regulatory role in the sense, governme nt with its regulations on quality, advertising, pricing, etc., influences the production processes of sports equipment companies including Gilbert. Constructive role in the sense, the UK government through programs like Schools Sports Partnership provide funds to schools to buy sports equipments and construct other infrastructures, so the children can have an active lifestyle with good fitness levels. Although, the UK government had â€Å"plans to end funding for the Schools Sports Partnership program, it was forced to back down as a result of pressure from top athletes, educators and school children themselves.† (caloo.co.uk 2011). Economic The economic aspect of the UK Sports Equipment manufacturing and retail market shows a positive picture, because it â€Å"is valued at US$4.1 billion and grew at a CAGR of 4.19% for the period 2004-2008.† (Reportlinker 2009). However, with the British economy showing little signs of full recovery from the 2008 economic recession, and threatening to go into recession again, the prospects of these sport equipment manufacturing organisations could also suffer. â€Å"Bank of England policymakers agree that Britain's stalled economy will fail to pick up in the current fourth quarter, according to minutes of their last meeting published on Wednesday.† (AFP 2011). If this situation continues, there could be lack of readily available finance options because of credit crunch, and this will make the consumers cut back on their non-essential

Annotated bibliography-Sheila Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

-Sheila - Annotated Bibliography Example Although these authors have presented a detailed analysis on the subject, a knowledge gap can be witnessed in the book. The authors did not present steps for making efficient corporate strategy that drives towards sustainability. The principles of business sustainability are most relevant to the main topic i.e. DSS. The authors did not conduct any specific research on the subject; they presented the information by gathering data from past authors and through their own analysis of knowledge. The proceedings, ‘Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning -- IDEAL 2014: 15th International Conference, Salamanca, Spain, September 10-12, 2014. Proceedings’ is edited by Corchado. It is the compilation of the IDEAL 2014, 15th International Conference that took place in Salamanca, Spain. In short, the proceedings of the conference have effectively highlighted the main aspects of the conference. In the proceedings, some of the most advanced and highly technological methods of data engineering are discussed. Springer, London, published it. Springer publishing is a world famous publishing company that has its franchise throughout the world. It publishes books, textbooks, journals, researches, etc. the editor of the proceedings has presented some simple yet highly advanced methods of data engineering and automated learning. For this reason, it is highly in relevance with the core topic i.e. DSS. Since, it is a conference proceeding therefore it is difficult to s ay whether there are some knowledge gaps in the book or not. The information provided in the proceedings however provides an in-depth analysis of the subject topic. The book, ‘GIS to support cost-effective decisions on renewable sources’ is written by  Gemelli, Mancini,  Diamantini, &  Longhi. As the name suggests, the book discusses some of the key elements regarding cost effectiveness and decision making on how to renew

Puberty Blues Essay Example for Free

Puberty Blues Essay The TV show I have chosen to talk to you about today is Puberty Blues. It is aired at 8:30pm, Wednesday on channel 10. It doesnt have a specific genre, but more like a mixture. I would classify it as a teen drama. Puberty Blues doesnt work in plot twists but offers a suprising reality. The best part about the TV drama for me is how we get a glimpse into the life of a 1970s teenager. Puberty Blues is set in Cronulla, Sydney, in the late 1970s. Majority of the time, Debbie and Sues houses are used, but the greenhill gang are also featured hanging around by the beach. Puberty Blues tells the story Debbie Vickers and Sue Knights. They are both very clever but somewhat unpopular high school girls who wants to raise their social standings in order to go out with boys. Through out the episodes we get to know the girls parents- Judy and Martin who are closed off and dont interact with each other much and Pam and Roger who have a far more open relationship. The sixth episode was directed by Glendyn Ivin and written by Fiona Seresis. The main plot is when the greenhill gang including Debbie and Sue, get wasted, go driving and flip the car, killing the driver. Any other show would have sent the characters into an instant panic but the writers of Puberty Blues understand that the shock combined with drugs would have caused everyone to burst into disbelieving laughter. The car crash wasnt the only plot in the episode though. Debbies parents, Judy and Martin, got to couples councilling because Martin has strong feelings for a women at his work. Cheryl, a member of the green hills gang, is flirting with her mums boyfriend to prove she is more desirable than her mother, who resents. The social issue pressented in the show was definitely driving under the influence. This message is easily interpreted in the car crash scene were the driver and passengers are drunk and stoned. This wasnt my favourite episode from Puberty Blues but it was still solid like we have come to expect from this series. I would recommend the show to high school students and older as there are some mature themes and sexual references. I love this show because it takes awkward and serious situations and brings out their bright side.

Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance

Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance Introduction The study of HRM has come a long way in a relatively short period of existence. In a society that has become increasingly dependent on knowledge and skills it is clear that the companies training perform an important role in overall organization performance. This training comes from Human Resource Management practices. HRM practices are defined as the activities intend to enhance the performance of organizations and employees ability to achieve the goals of organization. HRM practices raise the outcomes of HRM to influence the organization performance This study focus on the relationship between HRM practices variables and organizational performance, impact of HRM practices on organizational performance and productivity. The performance of an organization depends on many factors and employees contribution. Impact of combined performance of employees on organization performance is greater than individuals. Explanation, importance of relationship and the impact of the HRM practices on the performance of organization. Different approaches of HRM practices and business strategy. It reflects the approach and different factors of the HRM practices. Effect of the individual and shared climate levels of organization Different Studies have emphasized the contribution of Human Resource Management practices to the organizational performance. These studies focused on HRM practices. There is shared idea that HR practices are only effective when bundles are considered including incentive system, training, flexible job assignment, high selectivity and performance management. These practices contribute to increase employee and organization performance by increasing the level of productivity and financial performance. HRM practices have an effect of motivating employees to adopt the required behaviours, it links to the organizational climate, service environment and customer satisfaction. Outcome of investment on employees training each year, this finding is generally shown to be stronger when an organization provides employees with opportunities for the involvement in decision making and organises work in ways that allows employees a higher level of discretionary efforts in the way work is done HRM practices and Organizational performance According to studies of Boselie, Paauwe and Jansen (2000), that relationship between relevant dependant and independent variable will vary according to such influences as technology, unionization, industry, company ownership and location, capital intensity, company age and size. Contingency arguments imply potentially complex interactions between HRM variable, between performance and contingency factors, between HRM variables and performance indicators and contingency factors. Commitment HR practices are based on the idea that the closer an organizations HR practices resembled the correct prototypical system, the greater the performance gain Nicolai and Dana (2009), focus on the impact of individual and bundles of HRM practices. The focus of the empirical research has been divergent and it is clear that reward and training have attracted disproportionate. These are important HRM practices, but it is hard to argue on a priori grounds that positive impact of, for example job design variables. They found that practices such as the use of selective hiring, the extent of training and active participation of the employee in decision making were conducive to organization learning, while group performance-based compensation was not found to be significant for organization learning A number of HRM researchers have argued that synergies are likely to exist among individual HRM practices. These studies indicate that when HRM practices are applied as coherent systems, they have greater effects on organization productivity than the sum of the individual effects from each practice alone Cristina (2007), explain the relationship and impact of HRM practices in organizational performance. People management should be matter of discussion and investment on the part of companies. As for as the theoretical approaches are concerned, the conceptualization of the relationship among HRM practices and business strategy has given birth to three main approaches, named universalistic, contingent and configurational. Under the common relationship among HR Practices and organization performance or outcome, these models hypothesize different set s of variable and relations among them eventually influence corporate results In the view of Peter and Donna (2008), firstly approach which reflects the early work examining the impact of HRM practices implicitly assumed a universalistic, rational model of work organization yielded significant performance dividend. This has been closely associated with a best practice model of HRM. Secondly HR practices are required to have consistency with other organizational factors to be effective. These factors include the nature of market and legislative change. Climate of organization both as individual level attribute and as a set of shared beliefs and values have effect of motivating employee to adopt desired attitudes and behaviour that in the collection, help to achieve organizations goals. HRM system can be read as communication between employer to employee. The effectiveness of HRM system as communication to employee will depend on those features that define HRM system strength. These features are distinctiveness, consistency and consensus. Rita and Miguel (2004) , research has shown that HRM practices contribute to organizational performance. Early studies emphasized the impact of several separate HRM practices, such as compensation, performance management system and training. Later studies reported the positive impact of HRM practices on organizational performance as well as the virtuous impact of HR sophistication, measured by investment in HR planning, in hiring and in employee development on productivity, particularly in capital intensive organization. These latter studies have a common idea that bundle of HR practices improve employee and organization performance. Overall set of HRM practices developed the employees skills, ability and motivation. High performance work system contribute to improve employee and organization performance by increasing the level of productivity Organizations Demand and outcome for HRM practices According to Bo Hansson (2002), in estimating the impact of training on the probability of the organization being a top performer in the industry, controlling for the past profitability is an effort to measure the net contribution of training to the profit op the organization. Percentage of wage bills spent on training is significantly and positively associated with the profitability in an organization. The proportion of employee being trained is positive but not significant. Most significant factor to indicate current performance is the past performance The measure of internal promotion is significantly and positively associated with profitability only in the presence of how much is invested in training and not in the estimates of how many employees are trained every year. Focusing on internal promotion seems to be a good strategy for organization profitability as this strategy reduces the training. Because measure of internal promotion is significantly in the presence of how much is invested in training Bruce and Benjamin (2009), explain the individual organizations decision regarding the extent of the investment in HRM practices. Following the mainline of HRM practices they assume the organization short-run objective is maximum financial return, which is simply treating as maximum profit. This assumption limits to private sector for profit organizations. The HRM practices are treat as an input factor in production. That is the organizations output is assumed produced with labour, capital and HRM practices. HRM is utilized therefore, because of its boost productivity. HRM helps to produced more output and profit Strength of HRM Practices and Turnover Rita and Miguel (2004), presents the links between HRM feature and outcome at organizational level, such as financial performance and productivity. HRM system or practices creates the conditions to achieve organizational goals by influences employee attribution. Individual practices intended to achieve objectives, such as promoting innovation, process deals with how the HRM practices is designed and administrated to send signals to employees that allow them to create a shared meaning about the desired response and collective sense of what is expected. According to one study (B Hansson, 2002), turnover is significantly and negatively associated with being a top performing organization. A large amount spent on employee every year. It is crucial for an organization to retain their employee in that turnover reduces the returns to training. This reasoning is in accord with the rational that mobility lowers an organizations training investment in that reduces the return on these training i nvestments. However, an explanation for the finding that mobility is not determining the provision of training is that the economic benefits to the organization from training their employees outweigh the cost of lost human capital investment that are caused by personal turnover. Important determination of training is personal turnover as it affects the ability of organization to benefit from training Aims and Objectives Following are the aims and objectives of this study To show the Impact of HRM practices on the performance of organization Effect of HRM practices on employees performance, ability and behaviour. Contribution of HRM practices in organization performance. what package of HRM practices affect performance. The Relationship between HRM and Organizational Performance. Organization Performance and HRM practices Conclusions We can conclude that there are possibilities for including the institutional setting in theoretical framework in order to have a full coverage of the relationship between HRM practices and performance. On a number of HRM practices the individual organization cannot differentiate itself from competitors. The best practices are already enforced for majority of organization due to role. Highlight the impact of the individuals and bundles of HRM practices on the productivity and performance on organization The purpose of study is to explore relationship between HRM polices human capital and organization performance at business and individual level by considering different variables. From the concept of the strength of the HRM system, we can suggest that workplace climate provide a high credible mechanism in creating the basis on which practices are institutionalised into the inimitable asset for the organization. Workplace climate appears to act as a significant mediator between HRM system and performance

Components of Kangaroo Mother Care

Components of Kangaroo Mother Care The literature search has been divided in different categories to present the effects of kangaroo mother care (KMC). After stating the organization of the paper the first section will provide the definition, history, and components of KMC. The second section will describe the Universe of Developmental Care Model and its components. The next section will reflect on the effects of KMC in maintaining the temperature of premature and LBW infants. The fourth section will present the relationship of KMC with the frequency of feeds and how this intervention assists in resolving the issues related to breast feeding; while the fifth section will present the results of KMC with respect to achieving the weight gain. The sixth section will describe the effects of KMC in reducing suspected infections and length of stay in hospital. The last section will summarize the literature review stating the purpose of the literature review. The Search Strategy The literature search was done on two search engines: Pubmed and Science Direct will be use of key terms Kangaroo mother care (KMC) and skin-to -skin (STS) the Pubmed searched resulted in 100 hits. It was further filtered by adding the terms low birth weight (LBW). Finally twenty articles were reviewed. Similarly, the database of Science Direct showed 30 relevant articles .The second step was to search database in Google Scholar. The result showed very pertinent articles, including a website of the KMC foundation. This website facilitated the researcher in searching the systemic review and origin of KMC, original articles were then searched from the reference lists of these articles. Definition, History, and Components of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is an alternative intervention for hypothermia among preterm infants by, keeping the baby close to the mothers skin (Lawn, Mwansa-Kambafwile, Horta, Barros, Cousens,2010). Dr Edgar Rey Sanabria, a pediatrician initiated the model of KMC at the Department of Health in Mobato, Colombia in 1978 Since then, KMC has been well known for provide a quality care to newborn infants especially to LBW babies in Colombia (Lawn et al.2010). A wide range of literature is available that evaluates the physiological, psychological, emotional, and developmental outcomes of KMC. However, this literature review will primarily focus on the physiological and breastfeeding outcomes of KMC in hospital. However, the secondary outcome variables like weight gain, infection and length of stay will also be presented in the this literature review.Gradually this model was adopted by many developed countries like US, UK, and Brazil, and in 2003, WHO provided international guidelines to implement KMC. Based on the effectiveness of KMC in hospital settings, it was recommended to incorporate KMC into a package of neonatal care and not as an individual intervention (Pattinson, Woods, Greenfield, Velaphi, 2005). According to Charpak It is not alternative medicine but a scientifically sound, multilevel intervention (Charpak Ruiz-Pelaez, 2001). Though it is initiated in the hospital, it can be continued at home until rejected by the infant usu ally towards the completion of gestation at 37 weeks (Charpak Ruiz-Pelaez, 2001). Universe of Developmental Care (UDC) The model is the renewal of Als Synactive theory of neonatal development. The theoretical concept of the model is shared surface; the manifestation of the shared surface is the skin. Through the skin the linkages are created among the body organism , and the environment. The key concept of the model is that an infants skin is considered as boundary of infant where as the shared surface includes environmental influences. The impact of these influences is inter- linked with care practices and the family (Gibbins, Hoath, Coughlin, Gibbins Franck, 2008). Components of Model This model is based on infant, environment, and staff. Infant: Infant is the core component of the model, who occupies central position, as shown in model (refer fig 1.). The first circle immediate to the central position of the infant in the model represents specific physiological systems, such as: respiratory, cardiac, and nervous, hematologic, metabolic, immunological, musculoskeletal, integumentry, and gastrology system. These physiological systems are interrelated with each other and they are highly influenced by the surrounding environment. Care Practices Specific care practices behaviors are symbolized as care planets of the UDC model. There are nine care planets surrounding the physiological system which depict care giving behaviors like monitoring/assessment, feeding, positioning, infection control, safety, comfort, thermoregulation, skin care, and respiratory care (Gibbins, et al., 2008, p. 145). Family: In the UDC model family is the central focus;however, staff and institution support is required to provide effective care to the infant, for instance, for any care practice approach like provision of comfort to an extremely low birth infant. If the parental touch is been replaced in an intensive care unit with staff support and institutions policy, the care planet of comfort will not only be affected, but it may alter the other planets like sleep, positioning, safety, and like. Therefore, within the hospital environment the family is shown as very close to the infant in the UDC model, which demonstrates the natural family-infant dyads bonding. Environment: The macro-environment of the model, based on the infrastructure and physical environment such as lay -out, lighting, noise levels, units physical design, affects the shared surfaces. Moreover, interpersonal behavior and hospital culture are also considered as part of enviroment in the UDC model (Gibbins, et al., 2008, p. 145). These environmental influences can affect any of the care planets of the universal model. Due to interdependence of care planets of the UDC model, the care practice that alters any one of the care planet will automatically affect the other care planets. (Ludington, 2009). Just like the laws of solar system movement, an infant is expected to respond to the environmental influences by showing some developmental behaviors (Gibbins, et al., 2008, p. 143). Staff: The position of staff in the model is just as a protective orbit that supports family of very high risk and critical infants. The authors have emphasized the role of education and staff training in the context of UDC model in order to apply the theoretical concepts of developmental care model in clinical practices (Gibbins, et al., 2008, p. 144). Application of the Model The UDC model is applicable for infants care providing clinical approach for nurses to follow. The model captured an extensive list of nursing care, which involves holistic developmental care. Therefore, it can be easily applied as bedside practice; in addition this model provides opportunities to the nursing researchers to explore any one of the care planets and then identify its interdependence with other care planets. Since the model is based on Nightingale, environmental theory can be widely applied in nursing care practices.However, a lot of research work is needed to validate the concept of shared surfaces of the model. The literature review,so far,has not depicted any scholarly work for the application of the model to kangaroo mother care, though it is one of the essential components of the models comfort care planet ( Ludington, 2009).The intention of the current study is to apply this model to explore the physiological and developmental effects of kangaroo mother care among low birth weight and preterm infants. The application and modification of the model would be discussed in detail in chapter 3. However, the model also guided us to present the effectiveness of KMC through literature review. Thermoregulation Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) has been recognized as an effective model for thermal stability (Charpak et al., 2005; Ludington-Hoe, Nguygen, Swinth Satyshur, 2000; Cong, 2006). Due to large body surface, little fat size LBW infants are at high risk of heat loss. When this loss exceeds the ability of infant to produce heat, hypothermia develops (WHO, 1997). Infants are more susceptible to hypothermia immediately after birth, during bath or during weighing. It has been found that countries with high neonatal morbidities deaths showed higher rates of hypothermia (Kumar, Shearer, Kumar Darmstadt, 2009). Therefore, to minimize the risk of hypothermia a set of procedure has been recommended for thermal regulation of newborn infants. These procedures include warm delivery room, drying of infants body and skin-to-skin contact, breast feeding and postponing bathing and weighing of infants and keeping mother-infant together etc. In case of breaking in this warm- chain infant can be at risk of c old stress (WHO, 1997). In such cases thermal protections can be fulfilled by either keeping infant in warmer incubator or under radiant heat. The positive outcome of randomized trials among preterm has suggested the KMC as an alternative of incubators (Bergman et al., 2004; Cattaneo et al., 1998; Chwo et al., 2002; Kadam et al., 2005; Ludington-Hoe et al., 2000; Ludington-Hoe et al., 2004). The abdomen of mother due to the appropriate temperature for newborn is considered as the best means for immediate postnatal interventions (AAP AAH, 2000). It is also suggested in the guidelines of World Health Organization that skin-to-skin contacts should be continue during transfer as well as after shifting of infant in ward (WHO, 2003). The consistence findings of KMC among various trials and metaanalysis (conde, et, al, 2010), systemic review of kangaroo care (Brett, Staniszewska, Newburn, Jones, Taylor, 2011) and literature review by (Bulfone, Nazzi, Tenore, 2011) made it possible to include kangaroo care as one of the integral component of newborn care (Carlo, et al., 2010; Darmstadt et al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2008; Moore McDermott, 2004; Senarath, Fernando, Rodrigo, 2007; Tinker, Paul, Ruben, 2006), including preterm infants. Bergman et al. (2004) investigated effects of one hour dose of KMC after birth to assess the rate of hypothermia. Out of 20 LBW infants 18 maintained their temperature with KMC, whereas in control group six out of 14 infants maintained their temperature. Similarly, Cattaneoet al. (1998) assessed the KMC interventions by continuous skin-to-skin contact, day night with an average of 20 hrs /day by mothers. Researcher found 13.5 episodes of hypothermia in a sample of 100 infants in intervention group as compared to 31.5 episodes in control group. It is highly recommended from literature that staff need to be sensitize about this serious issue Kumar, et al, 2009). It has been observed that in the study settings that there are modern equipment to provide warmth to infants are available. However, space and equipment remain the limitation of any organization due to high influx of premature and LBW infants delivery. Though an infant gets thermal control in nursery setting but there is need to implement some strategies which protect high risk infants in the ward environment and mother need to educate about monitoring of infant. She should be acknowledging about its management as well. In order to compare the effects of environmental temperature and kangaroo care interventions, three groups of newborns were selected. One group was given skin-to-skin contact in prone, while another group was prone to mother chest with clothes, while third group of neonates were kept in nursery. After 90 minutes of repeated measures of temperature post birth (30-120 minutes after birth) the infants who were in skin-to-skin contact showed more variation in temperature than their counterparts. This variation was found to be related with sensory stimulation caused by mother infant skin to skin contact. Moreover, researchers have concluded that early suckling promotion also facilitated in oxytocin release which further enhanced metabolism and heat production(Bystrova et al., 2007). The literature review supports the concept of shared surface of UDC model also. The relationship between infants brain and environment is apparent through skin-to-skin contact. As parasympathetic nervous system gets stimulated which enhances peripheral circulation (Bystrova et al., 2007) and manifestation of this process is apparent through infants skin temperature. According to the recent meta-analysis of KMC, there is a significant reduction of hypothermia (Conde, 2010). Developing counties like India and Bangladesh have shown progress in implementing KMC in low and high technical settings. It can be applied for all healthy newborn >28 weeks of gestation and weight >600 grams safely (Browne, 2007). Initially preterm and LBW infants were given KMC for 24 hrs. Gradually his model was modified to intermittent kangaroo care for minimum 30 to 60 minutes (Nyqvist, 2009). The researchers found KMC effective in thermal protection even if was given for short duration (Boo Jamli, 2007). In addition to it KMC can be applied to all newborn care setting. There is no need to have a separate setting to implement this model other than privacy to practice in clinical settings. Some of the challenges identified in implementation of KMC model initially in India (Ramanathan, Paul, Deorari, Taneja, George, 2001) participated mothers showed reluctance at the initial stage to change the traditional behavior of neonatal care. Similarly, in Uganda values and beliefs of mother were challenging. As mother considered vernix as napaki and it should be removed, and infant cannot be placed on mothers abdomen before bathing (Byaruhanga, BergstrÃÆ' ¶m, Tibemanya, Nakitto, Okong, 2008). Another challenge is reluctance in modifying the newborn care policies and protocols. Despite multiple benefits of KMC, there is still a gap in application of this model (Byaruhanga et al., 2008). One Pakistani study also found cultural beliefs as barrier to provide thermal protection; mothers felt blood on newly born infant as napaki and they were not in favour of breastfeeding infant soon after birth (Aziz, Akhtar, Kaleem). This way all live healthy born infants were given bath before feeding. This behavior is considered as one of the major hazard for newborn health; this gap can be fulfilled by research evidences in our cultural context and by following the international guidelines of newborn care. Effects of KMC in Promoting Lactation Another major challenge of preterm births is ineffective breastfeeding. These infants need a great deal of struggle while attachment to mothers breasts. The epidemiological studies have provided sufficient evidences that breast feeding contributes in reducing morbidities and mortalities of infants (Heinig, 2001). It was further evident that preterm and LBW infants who received donors breast milk were at lower risk of necrotizing enterocollitis than those who fed formula feed (McGuire Anthony, 2003). A breadth of literature supports kangroo care as one of the best way to promote early attachment of infants to mother breast. A number of barriers to breast feeding among preterm infants are, immature systems, poor coordination while sucking, and difficult to keep them awake (Ludington, 2010). As a result mother does not receive sufficient stimulation from infants sucking. Therefore, infants are fed supplement milk either with spoon, gavage or bottle feeding. Since exclusive breast feeding is strongly associated with child survival (Bhutta, 2008) it is recommended that breast feeding should be initiated within an hour of birth to produce sufficient calories and to keep the infant warm (WHO, 1996). KMC has shown substantial improvement in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. The literature review has shown suckling outcome of preterm infants with KMC (WHO, 1996). Even one hour session of KMC for two weeks was found to be helpful in attachment of infants with mothers breasts. (Nyqvist et al., 2006). The researchers found increase in breast feeding rate and duration among 32 -35 weeks of gestation (Nyqvist et al ., 2006). This early attachment behavior of infants with the help of Skin-to-skin contact, stimulates sucking behavior and more oxytocin releases to produce more milk (Matthiesen, Ransjà ¶ Arvidson, Nissen, Uvnà ¤s Moberg, 2001). The experimental study on infants exposed to skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth shows that they continue to nurse more efficiently. There was a significant production of milk and weight gain (Andreson, 2004; Charpak 2001; Dewey, 2003). The literature supports KMC to achieve successful breastfeeding among 90% of infants compared to 61% in hospital (Bier et al., 1996). Moreover, infant on KMC found to be relaxed; therefore, gut is prepared by hormones to digest milk adequately. This helps again in reducing the chances of necrotizing of gut and infants gain weight, resulting in a shorter stay at the hospital(Bergman, Linley, Fawcus, 2004). In addition improve frequency and duration of breastfeeding; it is also evident from literature that mothers receive extra support for lactation from nurses while giving intervention of KMC. This support also motivates mothers to continue breastfeeding (Carfoot Moore, 2005). Due to sustained breastfeeding cholecystokinin releases more and it further stimulates parasympathetic nervous system which aids in growth and development of infants. A comparative study of three group of infants discussed in the section of thermal regulation (Bystrova et al., 2007) also support early sucking reflexes with skin-to-skin contact. A systemic review by Ahmed and Sands (2010) found eight studies to support breastfeeding outcome among preterm infants. Effects of KMC on Weight Gain As discussed earlier the preterm and LBW infants are prone to hypothermia, poor lactation, and infections during hospitalization which contribute to infants weight gain or prolonged stay in hospital just to gain weight. KMC has been found to be effective in growth of infants (Ali, 2009; Anderson, 1991; Boo, 2007; Conde, 2010; Rao, 2007). However, Charpaks study did not suggest significant difference in weight gain of infants (Charpak, 2005). On the other hand, KMC also did not show adverse effects and none of the studies found that infants with KMC intervention were failing to thrive. Thus the literature shows positive effect of KMC in terms of improving the feeding of LBW infants and weight gain. Studies among LBW infants depicts significant improvement in growth of infants, with mean weight gain of 29gms among infants Effects of KMC in prevention of Infection and length of stay reduction Recently it is evident from the literature that KMC reduces the morbidities and mortalities among infants (Lawn, 2010). Total 15 trials were reviewed and researchers found significant decrease in mortalities i.e. (RR =0.49) and morbidities which was (RR= 0.34).The scientist are predicting that by placing infants in skin-to-skin contact may improve barrier function of the skin (Abufatteh, Ludington, Burant -Visscher, 2011). The researchers found only one case of infection at the time of completion of KMC. The progress of KMC in reducing infection is also depicted in developing countries. A substantial reduction in infections among LBW Infants is demonstrated from the literature. For instance Ali in (2009) found 6.9% of sepsis in KMC group as compared to 23.2% in control group during hospitalization. In addition the research findings were consistent at follow-up; incidences of severe infections were high in control group (17.9%) as compared to (5.2%) in KMC (Ali, 2009). This impact is also associated with improvement in breastfeeding through skin-to-skin contacts. The Immunoglobulin and lactoferrin properties of human milk help in prevention of infection. (FurmanKennell, 2000). Reducing the length of stay is another goal of KMC which is highlighted by many studies from developing countries (Ali, 2009; Boo, 2007; Charpak, 2001; Ramanthan, 2001). Infants discharged 7.4 days earlier than control group (Ramanthan, 2001). Similarly, Boo found difference of nine days (Boo, 2007). This major impact is further contributing to cost-effective management. Parents of LBW and preterm infants face dual burden of complication of prematurity as well as economic constraints. Thus, KMC could be an appropriate cost-effective intervention for this population. However, it has not been explored in Pakistan to our knowledge. Therefore, keeping in mind the efficacy of KMC there is a need to implement such trial in Pakistan to fill the gap. Conclusion The literature review suggests KMC as an effective intervention to achieve thermal stability and breast feeding among LBW and preterm infants. Complications such as infections can be minimized by the help of protective environment of mothers skin contact and breastfeeding component. Thus countries with scarce resources like Pakistan can benefit from this intervention to promote the health of high risk newborns. Aziz, N., Akhtar, S., Kaleem, R. Newborn Care Practices Regarding Thermal Protection Among Slum Dwellers in Rachna Town, Lahore, Punjab. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 16(1 SI). Bergman, N. J., Linley, L. L., Fawcus, S. R. (2004). Randomized controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional incubator for physiological stabilization in 1200- to 2199-gram newborns. Acta Paediatr, 93(6), 779-785. Byaruhanga, R. N., BergstrÃÆ' ¶m, A., Tibemanya, J., Nakitto, C., Okong, P. (2008). Perceptions among post-delivery mothers of skin-to-skin contact and newborn baby care in a periurban hospital in Uganda. Midwifery, 24(2), 183-189. Bystrova, K., Matthiesen, A. S., Vorontsov, I., WidstrÃÆ' ¶m, A. M., RansjÃÆ' ¶Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Arvidson, A. B., UvnÃÆ' ¤sà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Moberg, K. (2007). Maternal axillar and breast temperature after giving birth: effects of delivery ward practices and relation to infant temperature. Birth, 34(4), 291-300. Charpak, N., Ruiz-Pelaez, J. G. (2001). A randomized, controlled trial of kangaroo mother care: results of follow-up at 1 year of corrected age. Pediatrics, 108(5), 1072. Heinig, M. J. (2001). Host defense benefits of breastfeeding for the infant: effect of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48(1), 105-123. Lawn, J. E., Mwansa-Kambafwile, J., Horta, B. L., Barros, F. C., Cousens, S. Kangaroo mother careto prevent neonatal deaths due to preterm birth complications. International journal of epidemiology, 39(suppl 1), i144. Matthiesen, A. S., Ransjà ¶ Arvidson, A. B., Nissen, E., Uvnà ¤s Moberg, K. (2001). Postpartum maternal oxytocin release by newborns: effects of infant hand massage and sucking. Birth, 28(1), 13-19. McGuire, W., Anthony, M. Y. (2003). Donor human milk versus formula for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 88(1), F11-F14. Pattinson, R., Woods, D., Greenfield, D., Velaphi, S. (2005). Improving survival rates of newborn infants in South Africa. Reproductive Health, 2(1), 1-8. Ramanathan, K., Paul, V., Deorari, A., Taneja, U., George, G. (2001). Kangaroo mother care in very low birth weight infants. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 68(11), 1019-1023.

evilmac Shakespeares Macbeth - The Main Theme of Evil :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: The Main Theme of Evil William Shakespeare's "Macbeth" is a play in which a man by the name of Macbeth, who is presented as a mature man with an uncertain character. At the beginning of the story, Macbeth's character was a character with strong morals. As the play went on though, Macbeth's morality lessened immensely. After killing Duncan he was very paranoid and feared the consequences that would arise. He knew what he had done wrong. In comparing Duncan's murder with his best friend, Banquo's murder, He was much more relaxed after Banquo's death. His character shifted throughout the play. Macbeth, at this point did anything to keep his crown, even so far as to getting killed for it! I think that some sort of anatomy of evil was responsible for Macbeth's as well as other characters' wrongdoings in the story. Each character in the story had to either fight it or give into it. In Macbeth's case, he fought it and lost, and therefore, gave into it. The play makes several points about the nature of evil. One point it makes is that evil is not normal in human nature. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have to sort of "trick" themselves into murdering Duncan. First, Lady Macbeth has to beg evil spirits to tear all human feeling from her ("...spirits / That tend on mortal thoughts..." [Act I, Scene V, Lines 41-42] "Stop up th' accessand passage to remorse / That no compunctious visitings of nature / Shake my fell purpose..."[Act I, Scene V, Lines 45-47]) and then she has to make Macbeth ignore his own conscience ("Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o' th' milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way" [Act I, Scene V, Lines 17-19]) Once she has seen her husband's ambition has been inflamed, she is willing to risk anything to help him get the crown. It was as if she were taking her heart out to make her husband king. She has been very successful of emptying herself of human feeling. By the end of the play, both characters have been destroyed from within. Fear and guilt drive Lady Macbeth mad; Macbeth sees life as an empty, meaningless charade. (His famous speech upon hearing of Lady Macbeth's suicide: "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow..."[Act V, Scene V, Lines 17-28]) This speech is less an expression of grief than it is a speech about the meaningless of life. The second point is that evil disrupted nature itself. In nature, there is a time and a place for everything.

George Orwells 1984 Essay -- George Orwell 1984 Nineteen Eighty-Four

George Orwell's 1984   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  War is Peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. These are the beliefs that the citizens of Oceania, in the novel titled 1984, written by George Orwell, live by. In this novel, Oceania, one of the three remaining world super powers, is a totalitarian, a society headed by 'Big Brother' and his regime, known as the ministries of Truth, Love, and Peace. A totalitarian government is defined as a government characterized by a political authority which exercises absolute and centralized control, and in which the state regulates every realm of life. This is the type of world that the citizens of Oceania must live in, ruled by fear and under force every day. The names of the different ministries for example, are quite ironic because the are actually the exact opposite of what they profess to be, the Ministry of Love torturing members of the party and so on. Historically, no such type of totalitarian society has ever been actually achieved. In the past, even though fascist and communist states have risen up and tried to achieve such a world, there has never been enough technology or a means by which a government could truly regulate every aspect of life, and thus there has been failure in every attempt at creating a truly totalitarian society. However, in this modern day, new technologies of every kind have made the possibility of such a society to arise a pending reality. Through things such as censorship of the media, new advances in spy technology, and the disintegration of the family in our world today, the world described by Orwell seems ever more a possibility. There are factors that exist in this book that pertain not only to the totalitarian regime of 1984, but apply directly to the democratic republic society in which United States citizens live today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin with, the ability of governments to censor media in the world today is a primary factor in the ability of a totalitarian regime to arise. In the society of Oceania, all of the citizens? thoughts and beliefs are fed to them directly from the government. All of the information about production figures, current wars, and other current events all are filtered and approved by the government. The people do not hear or know anything that the government does not want them to know. In addition, the citizens of Oceania take what they hear as absolute truth, never ... ... Party members devalued it in Oceania. Although there do remain many strong family units throughout the world today, the increasing rate at which family units are disintegrating, democratic society or not, could aid in giving rise to a totalitarian power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In sum, the possibility of a totalitarian regime, like the one of Big Brother in 1984, seems more possible today than it ever has before. Many factors add to the possibility of such a thing happening, such as the censorship of media, new technology, and the disintegration of the family unit. These factors abound in every society today, regardless of being a democracy. The United States in particular, regardless of being one of the strongest powers in the world and a democratic republic, is not immune to these problems that would give rise to a totalitarian government. In the end, to prevent a totalitarian government from arising, it all comes down to the voice of the people, and that they need to be strong, and not let the government take over the powers that are rightfully theirs BIBLIOGRAPHY 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Orwell, George. 1984. Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Inc., 1949. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.wordreference.com/definition/totalitarian.

Regenerative Battery For Human Electric Hybrid Bicycle Engineering Essay

In this study, a proposed undertaking, the human-electric intercrossed bike, besides known as â€Å" Pedelec † driven chiefly by human bicycling force with extra aid force from the battery powered electric motor that has a regenerative power characteristic during worsening inclines.IntroductionCars have ever been indispensable for people populating in metropoliss as a signifier of transit to transport out their day-to-day modus operandi. Harmonizing to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, a astonishing figure of 77,609,901 autos and commercial vehicles were produced in the twelvemonth 2010. A 25.8 per centum alteration comparison to the old twelvemonth ( OICA, 2011 ) . Based on a research study of the Fifth U.S. Climate Action Report, transit activities contribute 33 per centum of the universe ‘s emanation of C dioxide in 2007 and about up to sixty per centum of emanation came from the burning of crude oil from personal transit ( U.S. Climate Ac tion Report, 2010 ) . Consequently, it is without uncertainty, autos are one of the major causes of planetary warming due to the emanation of green house gasses. Presently, intercrossed and electrical vehicles seems to be the leading solution to counter the job that arises from gasoline powered cars without extinguishing its advantages. However, electrical powered vehicles have its ain disadvantages as it requires a certain sum of bear downing clip. On the other manus, electric bike are doing immense moving ridges among town communities because it is less strenuous comparison to the standard bike, therefore, enable users to go longer distance without utilizing much energy. Amount of clip needed for bear downing still arises in electric bikes. The Regenerative Battery for Pedelecs on worsening terrains is able to work out the job by enabling the user to automatically bear down the bike battery during declivitous inclines.Literature ReviewElectric bike, Hybrid Bicycle and Human-Electr ic Bicycles or Pedelecs have merely late go a world-wide phenomenon due to the rise in crude oil monetary values. The engineering of these types of bikes is still comparative new and research popularity has simply get downing to lift in the past recent old ages. Therefore, there is deficiency of research documents and literature available in the country of intercrossed or electric bike in scholarly diaries or professional organisation such as the IEEE. The undermentioned literature reappraisal evaluates on eleven scholarly diaries to clarify the engineering involved in developing electric, Hybrid or Pedelecs bikes and its public presentation features. Among the 11 diaries included, a study by Muetze and Tan ( 2007 ) gave a elaborate and organized study based on the word picture of electric bike, both theoretically and by experimentation. The study includes every bit good the demands of different public presentations ideal for electric bikes and obstructions faced to back it. Regulations and safety factors for electrics bikes in states such as Japan, Europe, China and United States are outlined. Research was done to detect the advantages and disadvantages of proficient public presentations for different portion type of the bikes such as the aid type, motor, motor assembly, motor arrangement, accelerator and battery type. The study besides includes a power over velocity graph collected from consequences collected with different parametric quantities such as the influence of weight, influence of the incline and influence of air current. Consequences gathered from the study is able to supply a guideline for developing an electric bike suitable for the market tendency and better the public presentations of electric bikes for future developments. While the appraisal on the public presentation of electric bike is indispensable, energy direction excessively must be given consideration. Morchin ( 1998 ) identifies the energy consumed by electric bike and emanation of green houses gasses can be reduced by two methods. Such facets can be achieved by optimising the evaluations of the battery and engine while presenting power end product by each beginning under expected drive conditions ( Morchin, 1998 ) . In the study, an on-board â€Å" energy director † was mounted on an electric bike to track the energy degree in the battery and efficaciously split tonss between the battery and the engine. The Langrange ‘s theorem was used to cipher the energy consumed under impacting parametric quantities of air retarding force, hill inclines and clash. However, the survey done merely applies to electric powered bikes and non for intercrossed bikes or Pedelecs. Research can be done to widen for assorted types of bikes and different type of terrains. The term â€Å" intercrossed † used in the paper is instead deceptive because the paper focuses on to the full electric bike while the term â€Å" intercrossed bike † frequently refers a bike that runs on both crude oil gas and electricity or human pedal force with a battery powered motor. In a related research on power direction in electric aided bike, Brand and Ertugrul ( 2007 ) examines and discover that an in-hub direct thrust located on the front wheel of the bike could give better public presentation by electric braking and stable manoeuvring. Furthermore, the study conducted experiments on 17 riders from different classs. All riders are equally divided based on gender, weight, age, regular and irregular bicycler. The study is comprehensive and able to confirm the effectivity of the in-hub direct thrust. Additionally, the study dressed ore on measuring siting conditions of assorted type of rider group to find the optimal power demand and does no focal points on planing an option for electric bikes. It is noted in the study that aerodynamic streamlining and development of a high efficiency inverter can be a farther developed from the study. Most of the survey done about electric bikes revolves around the battery storage system. Solutions may compromise of electric regeneration ( Liu et al. , 2008 ) ; ( Somchaiwong & A ; Ponglangka, 2006 ) , or petroleum-electric bike ( Nagendran & A ; Senthil, 2010 ) ; ( Xiong, et al. , 2010 ) . Liu, et al. , ( 2008 ) designed four regenerative braking schemes by turning mechanical energy into electrical energy to widen the battery life-span. Matlab and Simulink were used to make a theoretical account of the electric motorcycle and the four proposed regenerative braking schemes. The four braking control schemes are Most Feedback Power ( MFP ) , Most System Efficiency ( MSE ) , Fixed Torque Control Strategy ( FTC ) and Fixed Feedback Current Control ( FFC ) ( Liu, et al. , 2008 ) . Clear description and illustration were given on all the four purposed schemes. The study illustrates theoretically utilizing computing machine simulations and there were no paradigm physique or practical expe riment conducted with bike users. Alternatively, Somchaiwong and Ponglangka ( 2006 ) proposed a regenerative power control system to work out the increase of rhythm velocity of motor that are excess for illustration, during a declivitous way. The research experiments on the relationship between the electromotive forces supplied and motor velocity. The consequence shows that if the rhythm motor runs on the specific velocity demand, the motor would in bend generate a specific end product electromotive force. Another prevailing solution battery jobs faced in electric bikes are petroleum-electric intercrossed bikes. Nagendran and Senthil ( 2010 ) proposed a Hybrid Bicycle with Three Speed Transmission System to work out jobs faces in current electric bikes. The purposed thought of the intercrossed bike tallies on both electric and crude oil to reload the bike ‘s battery storage system. An added characteristic to the purposed thought is a three velocity cogwheel for effectual control the velocity of the motor and IC ( Internal Combustion ) engine. The bike runs like an ordinary electric bike on Phase One. When the battery storage system is depleted, the motor would so runs on the internal burning engine. A Change Over is installed to link and disconnects the motor from the IC engine or vice-versa. A shaft coupling is used to link the concatenation thrust while a concatenation thrust is used to obtain balance of the bike. The research does non exemplify the practical building of the th ree velocity transmittal system. In a related subject, Liu, et al. , designed a LPG ( Liqufied Petroleum Gas ) – electric intercrossed bike that is able to run on to the full engine driven, to the full electric motor driven or intercrossed manner. Due to infinite restriction in the bike a four-stroke flicker ignition LPG engine power system is introduced in the research. The gasolene engine was modified into a LPG engine by increasing the compaction ratio, enlarging the flicker progress angle and increasing the ignition energy. The research besides includes the design of the transmittal system and control system of the intercrossed bike. A paradigm of the design was developed and several trials were conducted on metropolis traffic conditions. While most surveies focuses on a individual bike type such as electric bike or Pedelecs, Indulal & A ; Nair ( 2007 ) incorporates both types of bike and the execution of Fuzzy Logic as a control system. The bike runs on three different manners, Manual Mode, Power Mode and Automatic Mode. Manual Mode works like an ordinary where pedalling is required with no excess aid. Power Mode to the full runs on electricity and does non necessitate any paddling while Automatic Mode provides electric aid on top of manual pedalling. Fuzzy Logic is implemented to supply comfy equitation and sufficient thrust aid under any conditions. After the completion of the design, arrays of inputs were fed to the Fuzzy Logic Controller utilizing Matlab Simulation to analyze the end products. Consequences from the simulation found that the public presentation of the system over assorted conditions were acceptable. The research states that the design can be farther extended into larger vehicles. To optimise the potency of battery storage system, Sousa, et al. , ( 2007 ) developed an electronic convertor powered by two type power supplies, the battery and ace capacitances. Batteries are the primary storage while capacitances are used to avoid deep discharging of the battery and as a backup storage. In this research, supercapacitors are used alternatively and can able to function as a primary storage beginning. The developed system was built on the electric bike and consequences were gathered. A determination circuit is needed because the design is capable in increasing the liberty of electric vehicles to avoid high current extremum and fast discharges of the batteries. The research unfastened doors for future work such as bettering power circuit to increase efficiency and analyze the liberty by changing the function of the battery and supercapacitor. Coates and Charkey ( 2002 ) states that batteries proving on Sealed Nickel-Zinc Batteries are conducted for electric bike appli cations because it provides the same sum of energy with half the weight comparison to the standard lead-acid batteries. Hsu, et al. , ( 2011 ) poses a solution to supply comfort and safety step in different types of Pedelecs siting environment while optimising the public presentation of the battery. The quality of siting conditions can be improved by get the better ofing three forces of nature, air retarding force, clash and hill retarding force. The key to the solution is the bicycling power and entire power of the needed power should be changeless and sufficient extra power is provided to get the better of any of the three forces. The design is besides able to work out instability job in Pedelecs when the motor suddenly occurs by maintaining the instantaneous acceleration of the aided power be kept within the Safety Zone and Comfort Zone. Real environment simulation scenarios were conducted on different route types and pedal force in urban countries. Consequences confirms the design has better energy use comparison to bing conventional and delta acquisition regulation based assisted power methods. T he study provides room for farther research on work outing the method to automatically set the motor to the different type of physical conditions of the riders. After the rating of all the 11 diaries, it can be concluded that most of the diaries focuses on work outing the jobs presently faced by electric bike that provide deficient energy in the battery storage and deficient power aid. There are ample room for farther development on electric bikes and Pedelecs because it engineering is comparatively new. Further research done on this country would profit societies populating in urban country to be used as a signifier of environmental friendly transit as opposed to conventional autos and bikes.Problem StatementBased on old research done on electric bikes, most surveies concur that the depletion of crude oil and the rise in the emanation of nursery gasses are the factor that contribute to the promotion of electric bikes ( Brand & A ; Ertugrul, 2007 ; Hsu, et al. , 2011 ; Indulal & A ; Nair, 2007 ; Morchin, 1998 ; Nagendran & A ; Senthil, 2010 ; Sousa, et al. , 2007 ; Xiong, et al. , 2010 ) . In malice of this, there are still plenty of room fo r farther development and sweetening in the country of electrical bikes. The battery storage system incorporated in electric bikes provides deficient energy for long distance travels and does non transport self-charging capablenesss ( Coates & A ; Charkey, 2002 ; Nagendran & A ; Senthil, 2010 ) . Electric assisted bikes or Pedelecs confront jobs such as an disconnected drive force when the motor is triggered ( Hsu, et al. , 2011 ) .Undertaking BackgroundThe undertaking focuses on bettering the overall public presentation of electric aided bike or Pedelecs. Since there is a demand on electric bikes, it would be good for society and concern organisation to inscribe the development of Pedelecs. In a study by Time News, most electric bikes run on lead-acid batteries and are unsuitable for the lifting demands of day-to-day transit ( Ramsy, 2009 ) . Numerous solutions were established by assorted applied scientists and organisations to counter these jobs. Some research workers focus on th e regeneration of electricity from external beginnings ( Somchaiwong & A ; Ponglangka, 2006 ; Xiong, et al. , 2010 ) . While some dressed ore on utilizing typical signifiers of power direction ( Brand & A ; Ertugrul, 2007 ; Hsu, et al. , 2011 ; Morchin, 1998 ; Nagendran & A ; Senthil, 2010 ) . For the proposed Regenerative Battery for Pedelecs undertaking, it confronts both of these methods to work out the battery jobs that arise from conventional electrical bike. In add-on to replacing autos to cut down the emanation of nursery gasses, the regenerative power during a worsening gradient reduces the dependence on electricity. The coevals of electricity from Independent Power Producers ( IPP ) indirectly affect the environment. For case, the building of Hydroelectric Plant requires big countries peculiarly in distant countries and significant measures of fossil fuels are used to power up machineries ( McKinney, et al. , 2007 ) . The natural home ground, place to both vegetations and z oologies would be destroyed in the procedure. The proposed regenerative power is designed to cut down the power ingestion in the battery storage while supplying rechargeable power supply at the same clip. The regenerative power incorporated in the design would be able to work out issues associating to the deficient power in the battery storage system. It would be able to spread out the life rhythm of the battery for longer distance travels. Most electric bike proprietors today complain that electric bikes do non supply sufficient power aid. The latest Pedelecs today has power-assistance during hill mounting or on irregular surface roads to supply the extra encouragement without holding the rider to exercise much force. However, Hsu, et al. , ( 2011 ) states that there are deficient power aid to get the better of three forces, air retarding force, clash and hill retarding force. Air retarding force and clash does non necessitate much power comparison to hill retarding force. The moto r of the power aid provides adequate force to get the better of hill retarding force, clash or air drag while the bicycling power by the rider remains changeless. This would be enable riders to conserve energy for longer equitation. Most seniors find that conventional bikes are strenuous and unsafe. Therefore, some seniors would instead remain in the comfort of their places without acquiring much exercising and fresh air. Pedalecs would be able to promote seniors to get the better of their fright towards conventional bikes. In urban town countries, acquiring out purchasing some food markets would sometimes be a fuss particularly if the food market store is non within walking distance. Most people today would instead drive their auto out to purchase some fruits and veggies or to bring the day-to-day newspaper. It is a really unhealthy wont that began to attest among the town citizens. Little did they know that acquiring fresh air by cycling or taking a day-to-day amble would better the wellbeing of the individual and reduces wellness hazard such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Harmonizing to a Congressional Report, less than one trip in one hundred per centum is by bike ( Congress, 2002 ) . The study besides mentioned that frequent motorcycle trips would besides bring around the dependence of tobacco users and alkies. Regenerative braking in electric bikes is deriving popularity excessively. The Panasonic Vivi RX 10-S characteristics a braking system that recharges a 10AH Li-ion secondary hitter located following to rise up wheel of the bike ( Toto, 2008 ) . Liu, et al. , ( 2008 ) mentioned that braking control can be used to change over mechanical energy to electric energy by bettering battery life-span. Using the same theory, the proposed design is able to do usage of hilly countries to bring forth electricity. Since no energy is needed for bike traveling downhill, the bike still moves downwards due to the forces of gravitation. For certain instances, with the regenerative power, braking is non required because the regenerator is able to cut down the velocity of the overall bike while traveling downhill.MethodologyThe range of this research is divided into five phases. The clip range of the undertaking is expected to be completed in 9 months. Research At the beginning of the Final Year Undertaking, intensive research on the country of electric bikes must be done before designing of the undertaking takes topographic point. Research would be an explanatory research in the beginning to obtain an overview on the research country and to detect options to the research aim. Evaluation on other research documents done to place the new developments in engineering and suites for farther surveies is noted. Solutions can be developed by admiting the job faced by the society today. Qualitative Research such as studies and Questionnaires can be conducted to place the current job faced for farther development. This is of import because the success of a merchandise is determined by run intoing the demand of society today. Brainstorming Sessionss are required after the gathered information is evaluated to find the feasibleness of the undertaking and to get assorted options to the job. This phase is expected to finish within a month. Design The designing procedure takes topographic point after the rating of the collected information is finalised. A basic construct should be achieved at this phase. All the cognition on mechanics, electronics and scheduling is required to plan the proposed thought. Computer simulations are to be usage to design and prove the feasibleness of the thought. Autodesk Inventor can be used to build the model and supply a ocular overview of the bike. Matlab and Labview can be used in the scheduling development of the regenerative power system. Computer simulations are used before the building of the bike to virtually imitating the design while cut downing unneeded outgo. This phase is expected to finish in 2 months. Execution The execution phase involves constructing the paradigm based on the finalized design. A conventional bike is required as the chief construction of the design. Motor, Lithium Ion Battery and Transmission System is needed to modify the bike into an electrical-assisted bike. Torque Sensors, Slope Sensors or Tilt Sensors are installed to feel when the motor is needed. The Slope or Tilt Detectors can be replaced by Apple Application known as Gyroscope for an excess appealing characteristic. Additional hardware such as a state-of-charge index, power check hub and throttle switch can be added subsequently on. This phase is expected to finish in 3 months. Testing The proving stage involves the practical appraisal on the now to the full built bike. Assorted trials would be performed to find the public presentation of the full system. Two types of proving can be conducted, laboratory testing and field testing. Laboratory proving involves a set of variables such as power, efficiency, rhythm velocity, life-span of the rechargeable battery and the motor. For field testing, a laptop with a PCMIA card is incorporated to the system to get the information. The proving would affect around 20 voluntaries from different age group, gender, weight and physical fittingness degree. All voluntaries have to travel through a predetermine way with different type of terrain in an urban country. The laptop is used to enter informations such as bicycling torsion, bike velocity and applied power. The information collected is to be used to measure the public presentation of the system. A set of feedback signifiers could be given out at the terminal of the proving to estimate the satisfactory degree of each voluntary towards the system. This phase is expected to finish in 2 months. Report Report authorship is to be conducted at the terminal of all the four phases. The range and design procedure in constructing the system are to be complied. The information collected are tabulated in graph and figures to exemplify the results. This phase is expected to finish within month. Restrictions There is some restriction that would be encountered in the procedure of implementing the system. Budget constrain would be a factor due to the dearly-won hardware needed to build the bike. A life-size paradigm is more appropriate because a smaller-scale paradigm would non be functioning its intent. In a newspaper study by The Star, due to safety issues, electric bikes may be taken off the route if the Cabinet accepts a recommendation from the Transport Ministry ( Kong, 2011 ) . If the amendment of censoring electric bike is implemented throughout the state ; it may besides impact the field-testing of the system.Research AimsThis survey embarks on the undermentioned aims: To bring forth an environmental friendly transit as an option to petrol ingestion autos To work out instability issues affecting the disconnected acceleration when the motor is turned on To supply an alternate regenerative power on worsening inclines to lengthen the life-span of the battery storage system To better the overall public presentation to Pedelecs that are available in the market today To plan a signifier of transit for suited in dense populated urban countriesResearch QuestionWhat are the current impact on the environment and ways to work out the job? What are the current issues faced by electric bike? What add-on or alternate regenerative power can be installed to conventional electric bikes? What can be done to appeal to the market section to purchase the merchandise? How to work out issues affecting unhealthy wonts of the society by trusting on autos for short distance travels?Significance of the UndertakingThe proposed regenerative bike would be able to function as a stepping rock for farther development on electric assisted bikes. Surveies by other researches can be done by mentioning of the design system used and the information collected. Restrictions and jobs identified can be solved by future research. The proposed design hopes to significantly cut down the emanation of nurseries gasses emitted by gasoline goaded autos. If the design meets the demands of the society, industries would get down bring forthing more electrical assisted-bicycle which in return, reduces the market monetary value of the system to make out to all sections of the society.Expected ConsequencesThe expected result of this undertaking is to successfully develop a working existent size electrical aid bike paradigm capable of change overing mechanical energy to electrical energy. From the undertaking, fresh theories can be established that would indirectly profit other countries of scientific disciplines. Furthermore, the theories presented would take to implementation for future possible applications. The tabular matters of informations collected from the undertaking is to besides promote possible research workers particularly budget constrain research workers to prosecute in the country of electric powered vehicles. A stable managing electrical assisted bike is expected to be built to supply safe and comfy siting experience. In return, physically fit or unphysical tantrum riders would be able to make full the joy of siting a bike for going or recreational usage. The design and engineering incorporated in the undertaking is expected to appeal to the society and supply as an option to autos and bikes. This would straight cut down C footmark and slower the procedure of planetary heating.