Analysis of Sydney Community Hospital

Question: Discuss abuout the Analysis of Sydney Community Hospital. Answer: Introduction The following essay critically analyses a case study of Sydney Community Hospital. The hospital has received funding from the government that is meant to expand it capacity from the current 110 beds to 200beds. The hospital has been in existence in the community for 15 year with expansion of capacity despite the changes that occurred in the society. There has been change in population and age composition in the area. The population of young families has increase as well as the number of aging people. The hospital has been providing health services in general acute medical, surgical, obstetric to the community. In order to facilitate the capacity expansion, the hospital has stated it vision, mission and strategic goals for effectiveness in the hospital (Avgar, 2015). The stated vision statement of the hospital is to provide positive health experiences for the community. The mission statement that will create the hospital purpose is stated as to providing highest quality, specialized h ealth care in partnership with patients, carers, the community at large and other health care providers. In order to achieve this purpose the organization has formulated it strategic goals as to develop high performing, multidisciplinary teams within the specialist services in order to provide high quality, patient centered care that is effective, efficient and able to respond to the changing health needs of the population (Corrigan, McNeill, 2009). Discussion The current organizational structure has been used for years with before the expansion of the hospital. This organizational structure has had a traditional and functional in the hospital with 110 beds. The organizational structure has been effective and has been enabling the hospital to meet it objective of offering quality health care to the community (Hermalin, n.d.). The structure has had defined communication lines and command chain that has made the hospital management structure to be very bureaucratic. The existing hospital structure has been advantageous to enabling the hospital run and realizes the current problem of need of expansion that has prevailed. This existing organizational structure has several limitations with the current situation. Due to expansion, the existing organizational structure will not be able to accommodate large hospital. This organizational structure will not be able to facilitate effective communication in the hospital. The large hospital will have s everal teams that will require effective communication in order to meet the purpose of the hospital (DePasse, Celi, 2013). The current situation of the hospital will also require a lot of collaboration of different teams and partners in different locations. The existing organizational structure will therefore not be able to allow effective chains of command that can enable collaboration that is required to ensure goals and objectives of the organizations are met. In addition, the existing organizational structure will not be able to provide supervisory role that will ensure resources are well accounted for. Lastly the existing organizational; structure will not be able to ensure quality health care is provided and patient feedback incorporated in enhancing quality improvement. This means that the organization structure is limited to expanded capacity of the hospital and there is need to adopt a new organizational structure to effectively and efficiently meet the mission of the hosp ital. In order to accommodate the new capacity in the hospital, there is a need for the management to adopt a new organizational structure. The effectiveness and efficiency in provision of health care to a large population and several departments necessitate adoption of an organizational structure that will accommodate increased communication and well defined lines of authority and command (James, 2015). The alternative structure will have increase number of departments and line managers. It will also create an office of an assistant managing director who departments directors will report to and then reports to the managing director of the hospital. The suggested organizational structure will also create a department of partnership director who will coordinate collaboration of the hospital and other health care partners. Another department will be a customer care that will provide inquiry to patients. This alternative organizational structure is meant to accommodate more team and offer col laboration with other health partners (Spaulding et al., 2017). The new structure will increase departments to allow provision of specialist health care in partnership with the patients, carers, community and other partners. The organizational structure will also have to expand the staff management department to develop a performance appraisal for the hospital. This will enable the hospital develop high performing employees that will improve the quality of health care services provided to the community. The new organizational structure will have new defined channels of communication that will enable effective communication in the hospital (Kossek et al., 2014). This will enable collaboration between the hospital and other health partners with an aim of providing quality health care services to the society. The new lines of authority and responsibility will be meant to improve delivery of services in the hospital. The lines of authority and responsibility will enable the hospital be accountable of the resource thereby enabling the functionality of the new organizational structure (Skurka, 2007.). The key lines of authority and responsibility are as follows; First, the is nursing staff who are headed by a nursing manager who will be reporting to the director of nursing services who will report to assistant managing director and then finally to the managing director of the hospital. The second key line of authority will be junior medical staff that will be under a senior medical staff reporting to the director of medical services. The director of medical services will then report to the assistant managing director and finally to the managing director of the hospital. The third line will involve administrative staff who will be under meddle managers who will be reporting directly to the di rector of corporate service. The director of corporate services will be in charge of reporting to the assistant managing director who will then report to the managing director. The fourth key line will be an inquire staff who will report to customer care manager and then directly to the assistant managing director. Lastly, there will be partnership director who will be reporting directly to the assistant manager (Peirson et al., 2012). This department will be responsible to enabling collaboration of the hospital and other health partners in providing highest health care to the community. These lines of authority and responsibilities will enable the hospital provide health care to the community. They will enable management of the internal and external changes that has happened in the community. The line of authority and responsibility will also enable improved communication and collaboration across the different department in order to work as one team in ensure accountability and res ources in the hospital and enhance delivery of quality health care service (Visser, 2008). The new suggested hospital structure is custom designed to accommodate the enlarged hospital capacity. First, the new organizational structure will accommodate additional departments that are required in meeting the mission of the hospital (Agrizzi, 2008). These additional departments will enable the organization be patient centered. The patients will be able to give their feed back through the inquired office. These feedbacks will be used to improve the quality of health. The partnership department will enable the organization collaborate with other health partners in offering the community highest quality health. The organizational structure will also enable the creation and retaining of high skilled staff that will enhance provision of specialized high quality services (Alyahya, 2012). The organizational structure well defined line of authority and responsibility will enable the organization enhance it communication and collaboration across departs. The new organizational structur e will be limited additional need for resources. It will require resources to implement and enable it functionality. There will also be need of increased supervision to ensure that the increased number of departments is working effectively and efficiently. Therefore, the new hospital organizational structure will be appropriate in enabling the functionality of the changing internal and external environment of the hospital (Acar, Acar, 2014). The organizational structure will also be able to collaborate with the carers, community and other health partners in providing the highest health care service. Conclusion From the critical analysis in this paper, it clear that there is need for a new hospital organizational structure. The existing organization structure is ineffective with the current increase of capacity that the hospital is undertaking. The expansion in capacity necessitate the hospital to change and increase it capacity to deliver quality services. Internal and external changes in the community require the hospital to change it organizational structure to increase its ability to meets new goals. Therefore, designing a new organizational structure that defines lines of authority and responsibility to enable the hospital effectively and efficiently execute it mission and work toward the vision of the hospital. References Acar, A., Acar, P. (2014). Organizational Culture Types and Their Effects on Organizational Performance in Turkish Hospitals. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal, 3(3), 18-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2014.47 Agrizzi, D. (2008). Assessing English hospitals: contradiction and conflict. Journal Of Accounting Organizational Change, 4(3), 222-242. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/18325910810898043 Alyahya, M. (2012). Changing organizational structure and organizational memory in primary care practices: a qualitative interview study. Health Services Management Research, 25(1), 35-40. https://dx.doi.org/10.1258/hsmr.2011.011023 Avgar, A. (2015). Book Review: Co-operative Workplace Dispute Resolution: Organizational Structure, Ownership, and Ideology. Organization Studies, 36(9), 1265-1268. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840615588741 Corrigan, J., McNeill, D. (2009). Building Organizational Capacity: A Cornerstone Of Health System Reform. Health Affairs, 28(2), w205-w215. https://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.2.w205 DePasse, J., Celi, L. (2013). Collaboration, capacity building and co-creation as a new mantra in global health. International Journal For Quality In Health Care, 28(4), 536-537. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzt077 Hermalin, B. Organizational Fixed Costs and Organizational Structure. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1605 James, K. (2015). Safe and family-centered maternity hospitals: organizational culture of maternity hospitals in the province of Buenos Aires. Archivos Argentinos De Pediatria, 113(6). https://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2015.eng.510 Kossek, E., Hammer, L., Kelly, E., Moen, P. (2014). Designing Work, Family Health Organizational Change Initiatives. Organizational Dynamics, 43(1), 53-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.10.007 Peirson, L., Ciliska, D., Dobbins, M., Mowat, D. (2012). Building capacity for evidence informed decision making in public health: a case study of organizational change. BMC Public Health, 12(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-137 Skurka, M.(2007). Health information management (1st ed.). Spaulding, A., Kash, B., Johnson, C., Gamm, L. (2017). Organizational capacity for change in health care. Health Care Management Review, 42(2), 151-161. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hmr.0000000000000096 Visser, B. (2008). Organizational communication structure and performance. Journal Of Economic Behavior Organization, 42(2), 231-252. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2681(00)00087-1

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Explain and Evaluate Two Approaches to Explaining Moral Development Essay Example for Free

Explain and Evaluate Two Approaches to Explaining Moral Development Essay Moral development is what we consider to be right, wrong, good or bad. It is developed from infancy through to adulthood and is the principles we use to determine what is right or wrong, fair or unfair. Each individual has their own understanding of what morality is, however generally this is determined largely by the culture or society we live in and the rules that we conform to within this society. In psychology there are many theories around the beliefs of moral development, and how morality is developed from childhood to adulthood. The reason for the different theories is due to the methods, ways of study adopted by the psychologists to study human behaviour. These theories allow us to compare and gives us the opportunity to take into consideration all views and ideas and not to settle for just one argument or approach around this subject. (http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/97420082403.pdf) The aim of this assignment is look at the two different approaches to moral development, firstly the cognitive explanation to moral development by Jean Piaget. Then moving on to the social learning theory, and Bandura’s contribution to how morality develops. Criticisms of these theories will be discussed and evaluations based on the two studies will be made. Piaget was the first psychologist to study cognitive development in children. His work dates back to 1932 and his findings stated that morality develops through childhood and adolescence. He believed that children pass through different levels of morality according to their cognitive development. Piaget conducted a number of experiments and from these tests concluded that children up to the age of three or four could not make moral judgements as they were not able to understand rules at this age. He stated, if the children were unable to understand the rules and that they were breaking then they were unable to make moral judgements. He believed that once children could understand the rules, and that they were breaking them then this was the age that moral development began. From his research, this started at the age of about eight years old. Woods B, (2004 pg.72) Piaget believed that moral development in children of this age takes place in two stages. Stage one- heterononmous morality described as morality imposed from outside. This is when children see the rules as been made by parents, teachers or God and that they are unchangeable. Morality at this stage is based on moral punishment, you do something wrong and you will be punished. This stage is described by Piaget as the pre-operational stage of development where the child is only able to make his judgement based on the consequence of the action. The second stage- Autonomous morality described as morality which is based on the child’s own rules is apparent when the child is able to decentre and distinguish the intent behind the action along with the consequence of the action. It is the stage at which children are able to understand that rules are flexible to change and according to the situation. Woods B, (2004 pg.72) From Piagets experiments he was able to conclude that morality is based on the amount of cognitive development, how intelligent one is. The strengths of Piaget’s theory are that whilst conducting his experiments he did focus on children alone as learners. He contributed hugely to our understanding of education and believed that this was the key to saving our society. Piaget’s moral theory was described by his experiment with children that involved rules whilst playing a game of marbles. Children under the age of five showed they had no rules, children aged between ages 5-10 saw the rules as fixed and children 10 and above realised the rules and also adopted them by mutual consent. Moral dilemmas were also presented to children by Piaget to develop his theory further. He gave children a pair of stories where there first child deliberately caused a small amount of damage due to his actions. The second child caused much more damage but his actions were a result of an accident. Piaget asked the children to describe which character deserved to be punished in his attempt to understand children’s reasoning in their answers. His conclusion from his experiment was that younger children focused more on consequences, whilst the older ones took into consideration intent. From Piaget’s theory we have a greater understanding on the influence of mental processes on behaviour, we have greater understanding on perception and thinking. Along with the above, Piagets theory has had practical benefits such learning skills to improve memory and improving problem solving skills. Dwyer D Charles C (2006 pg318) Both of the above experiments have been criticised. Other theorists have claimed that games of marbles do not represent a childs entire perception of morality. Piagets use of moral dilemmas has also been criticised. It has been claimed that younger children only focused on consequences because the story was narrated, however the results may not have been the same if the stories were watched on video. Younger children may have been better able to consider intentions if they were. Other theorists conducting similar research found that, although younger children had some conception of intent, they still preferred to judge in terms of consequences because they found this easier. Piagets theory has also been criticised to be culture specific. It has been said that it is based on moral universals. It has been claimed that the moral development of children in non western cultures may differ from that of the children Piaget investigated. (http://everything2.com/title/Piaget%2527s+theory+of+m oral+development) Critics of Piaget’s theory have also stated that his research was not very scientific, that his findings were biased as he worked alone. Researchers conducting scientific experiments need to have two or more observers; Piaget observed and noted his findings alone. He was criticised for making generalisations with his findings by being culture specific and not taking into account background, tradition and upbringing of each child. An example of this is using clinical interviews to study the thinking of children. His sample size was criticised for being too small and did not give much consideration to social understanding. Due to all the criticisms above regarding Piagets work we can evaluate his theory as weak hence leading to errors in his conclusions. Haralambos M Rice D. (pg 522). Social learning theory approach to moral development is based on the idea that moral development happens as a result of observing and imitation. Albert Bandura 1977 studied this concept and came up with findings that concluded that children learn through recognition, reward and punishment. Social learning theorist, focus particularly on observational learning, imitation, recognition and reward. Woods B, (2004 pg. 126) Bandura conducted a number of experiments observing children’s behaviour towards an inflatable doll also called a Bobo doll. The children were separated into groups and the first watched an adult behaving aggressively towards this blown up inflatable doll. This was the aggressive model conditioning. The second group of children, the adult played with the other toys and was the non aggressive model condition. Along with a control group, which included children from the group who had witnessed an adult being violent and aggressive towards the Bobo doll. This group was then left in a room with a number of toys but not allowed to play with them in an attempt to build up the children’s frustration. The children were later left in a room and results were noted. The children who witnessed the adult being aggressive towards the Bobo doll imitated this behaviour and those from the non aggressive model displayed lower levels of aggression and violence, hence showing that children learn through imitation. (http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/bobo-doll-experiment.htm) Bandura also believed that children learn from their social environment, this he believed provides models of behaviour and expectations of appropriate behaviour. He believed that children learn through observation, imitation and reinforcement which are all closely linked. Woods B, (2004 pg. 126) Along with Piaget’s theory, Bandura’s theory also has its criticisms. Bandura’s social learning theory takes into consideration cognitive learning but concentrates more upon the idea that morality is developed through positive reinforcement, imitation and the social environment. Woods B, (2004 pg. 71) When evaluating Bandura’s, experiment in attempt to understanding moral development, it is important to point out that the experiments were conducted in a laboratory and hence the results may not be true in the real world. Critics have also pointed out that there may be selection bias as the children in the experiment were all from the same socio economic background, making the results invalid and not true to society. The long term effect of this experiment is not known as the results were noted immediately, and the reality is very different to an experiment. Even though the children displayed violent behaviour towards the doll this does not prove that they would be violent towards another person. The children could also have demonstrated this behaviour to please the adult, again making the findings of this experiment inaccurate. (http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/bobo-doll-experiment.htm) The aim of this essay was to explain and evaluate Piaget and Bandura’s theory. Both the theorists have contributed to understanding of moral development in today’s society and both equally face criticisms to their work. The main aspects that have been pointed out and open to attack are that both Bandura and Piaget have given little consideration to feelings, culture and religious beliefs. There sample was small not allowing general conclusions and findings to be widely acceptable. There experiments have been attacked for not being scientific. They failed to recognise that moral development has different content and meaning in different cultures and moral judgement is hugely influenced by society’s common law and traditions. Parents role and child nourishment are vital in how children and adolescents develop morally. Both Piaget and Bandura failed to take these important points into consideration when conducting their research. Piaget has studied cognitive development and his contributions are invaluable in the development of today education and the human development theory. Bandura looked more at social learning model one is amongst one of the most influential psychologists of our time. (http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/97420082403.pdf)